9/2/2019 Composite Pressure Vessels Pdf Free
Composite materials are increasingly used in various industrial applications because of their beneficial properties. This trend also includes pressure vessels and pipes, which are produced in growing numbers using these materials. As a result, the Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology (JPVT) has received a collection of papers related to composite structures. Considering such a trend, we found it timely and beneficial to the pressure vessels and piping industry to organize papers in JPVT as a special topic on “Application of Composite Materials to PVP Technology.” We expect composite materials to replace traditional metallic materials to a greater extent in various pressure vessel and piping applications, and hence, more composite related papers will be published in JPVT. This special topic is hoped to serve as a milestone in this process. We greatly appreciate the authors' contributions for this special topic section.
In addition, we would like to acknowledge the many reviewers who have also made significant contributions to this publication. The dynamic response of open-ended cylindrical glass fiber composite shells subjected to internal blast loading is studied in the current paper. The experimental observation on response characteristics of cylindrical glass fiber shells is presented, in which failure modes of composite structures are especially concerned. It is found that dynamic buckling may occur in the inner steel liner, which may consequently cause delamination and fiber fracture of the outer glass fiber shell and thus limits the blast loading resistant capability of glass fiber explosion containment vessels. The other failure mode is obvious circular plastic expansion of the inner steel liner and fiber fracture of the outer fiber shell. There exists an interesting case that hoop winding fibers fail but fibers with a winding angle do not fail, based on which the hybrid filament wound method for cylindrical composite containment vessels is proposed.
The current study may contribute to further understanding on the design and application of glass fiber composite explosion containment vessels (CECVs). In the paper, the efficiency of strengthening of a buried steel pipeline with a composite wrap subjected to an active faults action is analyzed. A three-dimensional numerical model of the pipeline is developed. The pipeline is considered as an elastoplastic steel shell, while the composite wrap is represented as an orthotropic elastic shell. The model takes into account the elastoplastic behavior of soil, contact interaction between the soil and the pipe, large inelastic strains, distortion of the pipeline cross section, and local buckling formation. A normal-slip fault kinematics with large fault offsets is considered in numerical modeling. The effect of the wrap thickness, length, and position relative to the fault plane is analyzed.
A new mechanical device was developed to apply internal pressure loading to a cylindrical structure in order to determine its failure strength and failure mode under pressure loading. The device can be used for a uniaxial testing machine to apply internal pressure to a cylindrical structure. As a result, the developed device does not require any fluid to generate internal pressure loading. The device consists of two truncated conical shape of rams and eight pieces of the identical shape of wedges. The effectiveness of the device was assessed using both detailed finite element analyses of metallic cylinders as well as the analytical analysis. Then, a set of experimental tests were undertaken for aluminum alloy cylinders in order to evaluate experimental failure strength against the numerical and analytical results. Finally, composite cylinders made of glass-fiber or carbon-fiber woven fabrics were tested using the device, and the experimental results were compared to the predicted results using a multiscale analysis model.
Those results agreed well with each other. In order to develop the knowledge base necessary to design deep sea pressure vessels, it is essential to understand the full chain from design and manufacturing through nondestructive testing (NDT) and characterization to long-term behavior under hydrostatic pressure. This paper describes results from European and national research programs focusing on the use of composites for underwater applications over the last 20 years. Initial tests on small glass/epoxy cylinders were followed by large demonstration projects on carbon/epoxy cylinders with implosion pressures of up to 600 bar, corresponding to 6000 m depth. Numerical modeling has enabled end closures design to be optimized for test performance. Thin and thick wall cylinders have been tested under quasi-static, and long-term loading. Both thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix composites have been tested to failure, and the influence of defects and impact damage on implosion pressure has been studied.
These deep sea exploitation and exploration studies were performed for oceanographic, military, and offshore applications, and extensive data are available. The aim of this paper is to indicate existing results, particularly from European projects, in order to avoid costly repetition.
An experimental study on the underwater buckling of composite and metallic tubes is conducted to evaluate and compare their collapse mechanics. Experiments are performed in a pressure vessel designed to provide constant hydrostatic pressure through the collapse. Filament-wound carbon-fiber/epoxy, glass/polyester (PE) tubes, and aluminum tubes are studied to explore the effect of material type on the structural failure. Three-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used to capture the full-field deformation and velocities during the implosion event. Local pressure fields generated by the implosion event are measured using dynamic pressure transducers to evaluate the strength of the emitted pressure pulse. The results show that glass/PE tubes release the weakest pressure pulse and carbon/epoxy tubes release the strongest upon collapse.
In each case, the dominating mechanisms of failure control the amount of flow energy released. Applications by fire brigades expose the composite cylinders to harsh temperature and handling conditions. Standards have been used for certifying composite cylinders, which are designed for transport of dangerous goods and do not reflect service conditions specific to fire brigades. In this paper, the residual safety of a design type (fully wrapped with aluminum and carbon fiber composite) at the end of their service life of 15 yrs is analyzed. One sample underwent hydraulic load cycle (LC) tests, another conventional burst tests, and the third slow burst tests (SBTs). The statistical evaluation and the handling of an unexpected high amount of early failures are shown. This study presents an experimental testing regime conducted on filament wound composite pressure vessels (CPVs) made up of an asymmetric and unbalanced layup (chopped strand mat (CSM)/−82.7 deg/±54.3 deg) and subject to an internal pressure.
Polyester reinforced with e-glass CSM and direct roving was used. The mechanical properties of the different lamina used in the test specimens were identified through a series of standardized tests. The evolution of strain and volume changes with respect to the applied pressure loading were recorded. The results also present a characterization of identifiable first-ply failure (FPF) loads based on strain evolution and volume changes, and monitors when ultimate failure occurs. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe has many advantages such as good flexibility, corrosion resistance, and long service life.
It has been introduced into nuclear power plants for transportation of cooling water in U.S. Recently, four HDPE pipelines (PE4710) were used in essential cooling water system with operating pressure of 0.6 MPa and operating temperature of no more than 60 °C in a newly established AP1000 nuclear power plant in Zhejiang, China. The outside diameter and thickness are 30 in. And 3.3 in., respectively, which are much larger and thicker than traditional HDPE pipe for natural gas. This brought forward a challenge for nondestructive testing (NDT) and safety assessment of such pipes.
I also intend to cover section 4.1.4.In 2010/1 we did not do integration (chapter 5).2011/2's coverage can be found.2012/3's coverage to date can be found.Other books that you might want to read/consult are:'Modern Computer Algebra' by von zur Gathen and Gerhard.' Algorithms for computer algebra pdf worksheet.
In this paper, a solution for inspecting electrofusion (EF) joints of thick-walled HDPE pipes is presented, and the results of an on-site inspection of the nuclear power plant are revealed. To expand the thickness up-limit of previously developed ultrasonic-phased array instrument, an optimization method was proposed by calculating weighing effects of different testing parameters and introducing the concept of overall performance according to practical requirement, by comprehensively considering sensitivity, penetration, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), resolution, and accuracy.
Typical defects were found in field inspection. The result shows that the presented technique is capable of inspecting EF joints for connecting large-size HDPE pipes used in nuclear power plants. Composite materials have been used to structurally repair piping and other facilities for many years. However, the original use of composite materials was for repairing corroded pipelines where the intent was to restore strength to the damaged section of the pipeline. In addition to repairing corrosion, composite materials have successfully been used to repair dents, wrinkle bends, induction bends, and pipe fittings including elbows and tees as well as repair of offshore risers. In this study, the behavior of circumferential through cracks in repaired pipe with bonded composite wrap subjected to bending moment is investigated using three-dimensional finite-element analysis. The stress intensity factor (SIF) is utilized as a fracture criterion.
The effects of the mechanical and geometrical properties of the adhesive on the variation of the SIF at the crack front were also analyzed. The obtained results show that the presence of the bonded composite repair significantly reduces the SIF, which can improve the residual lifespan of the pipe. Meanwhile, the SIF is also reduced as the elastic and the geometrical wrap properties are improved, particularly when the Young's modulus of the adhesive and the wrap thickness are increased. The viscoelastic properties of the resins used in carbon fiber composite pressure vessels introduce time effects which allow damage processes to develop during use under load. A detailed understanding of these processes has been achieved through both experimental and theoretical studies on flat unidirectional specimens and with comparisons with the behavior of pressure vessels. Under steady pressures, the relaxation of the resin in the vicinity of earlier fiber breaks gradually increases the sustained stress in neighboring intact fibers and some eventually break.
The rate of fiber failure has been modeled based only on physical criteria and shown to accurately predict fiber failure leading to composite failure, as seen in earlier studies. Under monotonic loading, failure is seen to be initiated when the earlier random nature of breaks changes so as to produce clusters of fiber breaks.
Under steady loading, at loads less than that producing monotonic failure, greater damage can be sustained without immediately inducing composite failure. However, if the load level is high enough failure does eventually occur. It has been shown, however, that below a certain load level the probability of failure reduces asymptotically to zero. This allows a minimum safety factor to be quantitatively determined taking into account the intrinsic nature of the composite although other factors such as accidental damage or manufacturing variations need to be assessed before such a factor can be proposed as standards for pressure vessels. The stress analysis method for fixed tubesheet (TS) heat exchangers (HEX) in pressure vessel codes such as ASME VIII-1, EN13445, and GB151 all assume a geometric and loading plane of symmetry at the midway between the two TSs so that only half of the unit or one TS is need to be considered. In this study, the midplane symmetry assumption is discarded.
More common situations are considered such as unequal TS thickness, different edge conditions, pressure drop, and dead weight on two TSs. Based on the classical thin plate and shell theoretical solution, an analytical method of stress analysis for TS is presented. The proposed method is suitable for different types of HEX due to fewer assumptions employed in this study. Analysis shows that floating and U-tube HEX are the two special cases of the proposed method. Theoretical comparison shows that ASME method can be obtained from the special case of the simplified mechanical model of the proposed method.
Typical geometries and loading are considered, and the proposed method is used to check the adequacy of design. Predictions are compared with the results obtained from axisymmetric finite element analysis (FEA) and current ASME method.
Comparison results indicate that predictions given by this paper agree well with FEA while ASME results are not correct or not accurate. In this article, the nonlinear bending behavior of functionally graded (FG) curved (cylindrical, hyperbolic, and elliptical) panel is investigated under combined thermomechanical loading.
In this study, two temperature fields (uniform and linear) across the thickness of shell panel are considered. The panel model is developed mathematically using higher-order shear deformation midplane kinematics with Green–Lagrange-type nonlinear strains. The individual constituents of functionally graded material (FGM) are assumed to be temperature-dependent (TD) and graded continuously using the power-law distribution.
The effective material properties of FG shell panel are evaluated based on Voigt's micromechanical model. The governing equation of the panel structure is obtained using the variational principle and discretized through suitable finite-element (FE) steps. A direct iterative method is employed to compute the desired responses of the curved panel structure. Download firefox latest version. The efficacy of the present nonlinear model has been shown by comparing the responses with those available published literature and commercial FE tool ansys. Finally, the model has been extended to examine the effect of various parameters (volume fractions, temperature, thickness ratios, curvature ratios, aspect ratios, and support conditions) on the nonlinear bending behavior of curved FG panel by solving wide variety of numerical illustrations.
Fillet weld joint is widely used in engineering structures, but a lot of failures have been generated in the fillet joint affected greatly by weld residual stress, and it is very important to decrease the residual stress. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method using overlay welding and cutting (OWC) to reduce the residual stress in the fillet weld. First, the overlay welding is applied on the root surface of fillet weld, and then the overlaid metal is removed again by cutting.
In order to verify this method, a thermal-elasto-plastic analysis method, using finite-element analysis (FEA) techniques, is developed to evaluate the residual stress change during the process of OWC. The impact indention measurement is also used to measure the surface residual stress. The results of FEA were compared with experimental data to confirm the accuracy of the developed finite-element method (FEM). In order to provide a guideline for design, the dimension effects including overlay weld width and height on residual stress have been investigated. It finds that OWC can decrease 25–40% of the as-weld residual stress, and increasing the overlay width and height is helpful to decrease the residual stress, which provides a reference for the reduction of residual stress in the fillet weld.
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The analytical prediction of the contact stress in tube-to-tubesheet joints subjected to hydraulic expansion is conducted without any consideration to reverse yielding that can occur inside the tube. Most existing models consider the tube and tubesheet to unload elastically when the expansion pressure is released. These models are therefore less conservative as they overestimate the contact pressure. An analytical model that considers strain-hardening material behavior of the tube and tubesheet and accounts for reverse yielding has been developed. The model is based on Henckey deformation theory and the Von Mises yield criteria. The paper shows that reverse yielding that is present in tubes during hydraulic expansion unloading makes the joint less rigid and causes a decrease in the contact pressure depending on the gap clearance and the materials used. A good correlation between the analytical and finite elements results is obtained on different treated cases which gives confidence on the developed model.
Creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels including ASME Gr.91 are widely used in fossil power plants. In the advanced loop-type sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), modified 9Cr–1Mo steel (ASME Gr.91) is going to be adopted as a structural material. Modified 9Cr–1Mo steel was registered in the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) code as a new structural material for SFRs in the year 2012.
The creep-rupture curve of the base metal of this steel was standardized using region splitting analysis method. According to this method, creep-rupture data were divided into two regions, high-stress and low-stress regimes, and those regions were individually evaluated by regression analyses with the Larson–Miller parameter (LMP). The difference in the creep failure mechanisms between the high-stress and low-stress regions was considered in this method. The boundary between these regions was half of the 0.2% proof stress of the base metal at the corresponding temperature.
In the modified 9Cr–1Mo steel welded joint, creep strength may markedly degrade, especially in the long-term region. This phenomenon is known as “type-IV” damage due to creep voids and cracks in the fine-grained heat-affected zone (HAZ). There is no precedent for indicating the obvious creep strength degradation of welded joints under SFR temperatures (550 °C or less). Although obvious strength degradation of the welded joints has not yet been observed at 550 °C, it is fair to assume that the strength degradation will occur due to very long-term creep.
Therefore, considering strength degradation due to “type-IV” damage is necessary. This paper proposes the creep-rupture curve and the welded joint strength-reduction factor (WJSRF). The creep-rupture curve of the welded joint was proposed by employing a second-order polynomial equation with LMP using region splitting analysis method, which is used for the base metal as well. The WJSRFs were proposed on the basis of design creep-rupture stress strength. The resulting allowable stress was conservative compared with that prescribed in ASME code and the Japan domestic regulation for thermal plants. In addition, the design of the hot-leg pipe in SFR was reviewed considering the WJSRFs.
Wide plate testing has been traditionally applied to evaluate the tensile strain capacity (TSC) of pipelines with girth weld flaws. These wide plate tests cannot incorporate the effect of internal pressure, however, numerical analysis in recent studies showed that the TSC is affected by the level of internal pressure inside the pipeline (Wang et al. 2007, 'Strain Based Design of High Strength Pipelines,' 17th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Lisbon, Portugal, Vol.
Moreover, most of the past studies focused on the effect of circumferential flaws on the TSC for pipelines of steel grade X65 or higher. The current Oil and Gas Pipeline System Code CSA Z662-11 provides equations to predict the TSC as a function of geometry and material properties of the pipelines. These equations were based on extensive studies on pipes having grades X65 or higher without considering the effect of internal pressure. This paper investigates the TSC for pipelines obtained using an experimental technique considering the effect of internal pressure and flaw size. Eight full-scale tests of X52 NPS 12 in. Pipes with 6.91 mm wall thickness were conducted in order to investigate the effect of circumferential flaws close to a girth weld on the TSC for vintage pipelines subjected to eccentric tensile forces and internal pressure.
The tensile strains along the pipe length and on the outer circumference of the pipe were measured using biaxial strain gauges and a digital image correlation (DIC) system. Postfailure macrofractography analysis was used to confirm the original size of the machined flaw and to identify areas of plastic deformation and brittle/ductile fracture surfaces. From the experimental and numerical results, the effect of internal pressure and flaw size on the TSC and the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) at failure were investigated and presented.
The viscoelastic properties of the resins used in carbon fiber composite pressure vessels introduce time effects which allow damage processes to develop during use under load. A detailed understanding of these processes has been achieved through both experimental and theoretical studies on flat unidirectional specimens and with comparisons with the behavior of pressure vessels. Under steady pressures, the relaxation of the resin in the vicinity of earlier fiber breaks gradually increases the sustained stress in neighboring intact fibers and some eventually break. The rate of fiber failure has been modeled based only on physical criteria and shown to accurately predict fiber failure leading to composite failure, as seen in earlier studies. Under monotonic loading, failure is seen to be initiated when the earlier random nature of breaks changes so as to produce clusters of fiber breaks. Under steady loading, at loads less than that producing monotonic failure, greater damage can be sustained without immediately inducing composite failure.
However, if the load level is high enough failure does eventually occur. It has been shown, however, that below a certain load level the probability of failure reduces asymptotically to zero. This allows a minimum safety factor to be quantitatively determined taking into account the intrinsic nature of the composite although other factors such as accidental damage or manufacturing variations need to be assessed before such a factor can be proposed as standards for pressure vessels.
A composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is a consisting of a thin, non-structural liner wrapped with a structural, designed to hold a under pressure. The liner provides a barrier between the fluid and the composite, preventing leaks (which can occur through matrix which do not cause structural failure) and chemical degradation of the structure. In general, a protective shell is applied for protective shielding against impact damage. The most commonly used composites are (FRP), using and fibers.
Pressure Vessel Design Manual Pdf
The primary advantage of a COPV as compared to a similar sized metallic pressure vessel is lower weight, but this may be offset by the increased costs of manufacturing and certification. Contents.Overview A composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is a pressure-containing vessel, typically composed of a metallic liner, a composite overwrap, and one or more bosses. They are used in spaceflight due to their high-strength and low weight.During operation, COPVs expand from their unpressurized state. Manufacturing During manufacturing, COPVs undergo a process called. The unit is pressurized and the liner is allowed to plastically (permanently) deform. It comes into contact with the overwrap and results in a permanent volume increase.
One reason to autofrettage a vessel is to verify the volume increase across pressure vessels in a product line remain within family. Out-of-family data could indicate possible damage to the vessel. Testing Various tests and inspections are performed on COPVs, including,.
Aging Three main components affect a COPVs strength due to aging: cycle fatigue, age life of the overwrap, and stress rupture life. Failures COPVs can be subject to complex mode of failures. In 2016, a exploded on the pad due to a COPV failure: the failure resulted from accumulation of oxygen between the COPV's aluminum liner and composite overwrap in a void or buckle. The entrapped oxygen can either break overwrap fibers or cause friction between fibers as it swells, igniting the oxygen and causing the COPV to fail.See also. – Cylindrical container for storing pressurised gas.References.
Author:ISBN:OCLC:Genre:File Size:46.50 MBFormat:PDF, DocsDownload:756Read:982In this work, the load sharing ability of metallic liners in type III composite overwrapped pressure vessel was investigated by means of accurate numerical models based on finite element method in order to realistically represent the hybrid metal-composite structure. The varying thickness of the composite layers throughout the dome, as well as their angles, were accounted for in the model.
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The study focused on the influence of material properties and liner-to-composite thickness ratio on the stress and strain distribution between liner and composite at the cylindrical, dome, and polar boss regions. Two novel concepts for the evaluation of the structural response of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel were introduced, namely: (i) the liner stress and strain fractions, and (ii) the correlation with liner-to-composite thickness ratio. The results show complex overall behavior close to the onset of plasticity of the liner, which is critically investigated. A decrease in liner stress fraction was found for higher internal pressure loads since the stress field is increasingly dominated by the composite overwrap.
Also, the von Mises equivalent stress along the longitudinal profile of the structure showed a peak at the dome of the liner, whereas for the composite, the peak was at the shoulder region. This was justified considering that, at low pressure, the liner operates elastically in compression-tension mode and the composite in tension-tension mode. GdoutosISBN:Genre:ScienceFile Size:80.31 MBFormat:PDF, MobiDownload:761Read:397The 16th European Conference of Fracture (ECF16) was held in Greece, July, 2006.
It focused on all aspects of structural integrity with the objective of improving the safety and performance of engineering structures, components, systems and their associated materials. Emphasis was given to the failure of nanostructured materials and nanostructures including micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS).
Author:L YeISBN:Genre:Technology & EngineeringFile Size:40.5 MBFormat:PDF, ePub, DocsDownload:245Read:1185The Asian-Australasian Association for Composite Materials (AACM) has been playing a leading role in the field of composite science and technology since its inception in 1997. AACM aims to encourage the interchange of knowledge in all aspects of composite materials both in the scientific and engineering communities. Following the success of the first three ACCM conferences ACCM 4 was held in Sydney, Australia, in July 2004.
Composite technologies for 2020 provides current state-of-the-art achievements and recent advances in composite science and technologies bringing together leading experts and innovators in the field. Nearly 200 selected papers, classified under 18 different categories ranging from general manufacturing and processing techniques to the latest and hottest topics such as nano-composites and eco-bio composites. Together they represent an authorative documentation of current advances in the field of composite materials. Author:Valery V. VasilievISBN:108Genre:Technology & EngineeringFile Size:34.60 MBFormat:PDF, DocsDownload:352Read:732Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures analyzes contemporary theoretical models at the micro- and macro levels of material structure.
Its coverage of practical methods and approaches, experimental results, and optimization of composite material properties and structural component performance can be put to practical use by researchers and engineers. The fourth edition has been updated to reflect new manufacturing processes (such as 3D printing of two matrix composite structural elements) and new theories developed by the authors. The authors have expanded the content of advanced topic areas with new chapters on axisymmetric deformation of composite shells of revolution, composite pressure vessels, and anisogrid composite lattice structures. This revision includes enhanced sections on optimal design of laminated plates and additional examples of the finite element modelling of composite structures and numerical methods. Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, Fourth edition is unique in that it addresses a wide range of advanced problems in the mechanics of composite materials, such as the physical statistical aspects of fiber strength, stress diffusion in composites with damaged fibers, nonlinear elasticity, and composite pressure vessels to name a few.
It also provides the foundation for traditional basic composite material mechanics, making it one of the most comprehensive references on this topic. Presents advanced material on composite structures, including chapters on composite pressure vessels and axisymmetric deformation of composite shells of revolution Provides the applications of composite materials to spacecraft, aircraft and marine included throughout Practical examples of analysis and design of real composite structural components. Author:Donald M. FryerISBN:Genre:Technology & EngineeringFile Size:70.18 MBFormat:PDF, ePub, MobiDownload:204Read:1172High Pressure Vessels is the only book to present timely information on high pressure vessel design for student engineers, mechanical and chemical engineers who design and build these vessels, and for chemical engineers, plant engineers and facilities managers who use them. It concentrates on design issues, giving the reader comprehensive coverage of the design aspects of the ASME High Pressure System Standard and the forthcoming ASME High Pressure Vessel Code. Coverage of the safety requirements of these new standards is included, as well as offering the reader examples and original data, a glossary of terms, SI conversions, and lists of references.
The growing interest in gas storage for mobile applications leads to a rising demand for light-weight composite pressure vessels. These are comprised of multiple interacting parts: composite overwrap, liner and boss.
The composite overwrap is a multi-layered structure with anisotropic properties that exhibits complex deformation and failure characteristics. The behavior of this structure is unintuitive and can only be understood using thorough analysis. A variety of analysis techniques, ranging from simple netting analysis to detailed finite element analysis, are available. Finite element analysis is applied less often than may be expected due to the high effort for modeling, data preparation and result interpretation. Frequently, manufacturers rely on trial and error approaches to solve the design challenge. Analysis is only used as required to verify the final design.
This may result in suboptimal designs. Based on ten years of experience in design and analysis of composite pressure vessels, a tool chain is presented that integrates filament winding simulation and finite element analysis in an automated and efficient manner. This facilitates the understanding of the complex behavior of composite pressure vessels and drives an iterative design-by-analysis process.Copyright © 2016 by ASME.
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